Historically, Lorentz predicted the measured effects of electromagnetic (EM) systems in motion, based on a medium (ether). Einstein partially solved the EM wave equation, based on Lorentzʼs Transform (LT), it therefore predicts the same medium based properties as Lorentz. However, Einstein claimed that the medium did not exist, predicting additional ether-less non causal properties that have not been measured. New Relativity (NR) theory, based on an extension of Lorentzʼs LT, distinguishes between source and observer motion with respect to the medium, and between Earth centered and heliocentric medium based reference frames, not considered in Einsteinʼs ether-less Special Relativity (SR)(1905).
SR has an ether-less, non causal aspect, which cannot be measured, and a medium based aspect that can, but is incomplete. Einsteinʼs measured predictions are medium based, rather than the non causal ether-less predictions he believed. Having no medium causes insurmountable difficulties: no known way of transmitting EM waves, no way of solving the wave equation, predicting events, maintaining continuity of time and space and no way of creating inertia.
Without a preferred frame of reference, wave Propagation Time Asymmetry ( PTA ), up stream and down, a characteristic of causality, which is clearly observable, cannot be predicted. Time has no direction, one cannot distinguish between which system is moving, the source or observer, which system is aging least, or identify the optical paths – they are indeterminate. Without a medium, Einsteinʼs ether-less inertial frame results in simultaneity (no propagation time asymmetry with motion) and reciprocity (interchanging source and observer makes no observed difference), which have never been measured.
Ether-less relativity cannot be supported by the LT or Maxwellʼs Equations, (MEʼs), they are both medium based. Einsteinʼs SR based on a medium is causal but incomplete, its ether-less aspects are irrational (non causal). A causal EM Motional Analysis ( EMMA )has been developed, which distinguishes between optical properties of sources and observers in motion and between stationary and moving media. Three pairs of time and space scales (source, observer and medium) are required rather than the two unspecified in SR.
The theory distinguishes between measured source (satellite) backward motional angles and observer (telescope) forward aberration angles, not distinguishable in ether-less relativity. It explains the Michelson and Morley experiment, Bradleyʼs stellar aberration and Michelson and Gale’s fixed optical loop whose apparent incompatibility led to loss of faith in the medium, in the first place. A vacuum medium is not empty space, it has a finite and measureable permeability (electrical inertia) and permittivity (electrical stiffness) propagating (bouncing) EM waves through the medium, according to Maxwell.
Restoring the medium allows the propagation paths to be determined and to predict casual observations. The complete wave equation allows both source and observer flight paths to be chartered on the same universal medium continuum. This renders material time travel and no absolute time and space as untenable. The medium is generally at rest in space and moves with gravitational bodies (planets). If the planet rotates it forms a medium velocity gradient (boundary layer) above its surface. Gravity, accelerating frames and the LT are all equivalent to a velocity.
Schwarzschild metric describes the mediumʼs attraction and compression by gravity, both time and space. Structures, according to Lorentz, contract passing through the medium, and moving observers relatively expand the medium, having the potential of reducing gravity, thus defining an optical time Equivalence Principle. The electrical medium transmits steady electrostatic fields, unsteady electric fields (light), steady difference electric fields (gravity) and a universal residual difference field (creating inertia).
Gravity is explained through a weak difference electric field from finite distributions of dissimilar charges (protons and electrons) within atoms and molecules throughout the universe. NR answers questions, combining concepts and ideas published in ten peer-reviewed scientific publications at conference over three years in China, US, Morocco, Russia and Sweden.